Mar Jimenez de la Pena | Medicine and Health Sciences | Medical Hypothesis Award

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mar Jimenez de la Pena | Medicine and Health Sciences | Medical Hypothesis Award

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mar Jimenez de la Pena | Medicine and Health Sciences | Medical Hypothesis Award | Radiologist | University Hospital Quironsalud Madrid | Spain 

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mar Jimenez de la Pena is a highly accomplished radiologist and academician with a distinguished career devoted to advancing diagnostic imaging, neuroimaging, and translational radiology. She completed her Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and specialized in Radiodiagnosis at Hospital 12 de Octubre in Madrid, establishing a robust clinical and scientific foundation. Currently serving as the Associate Head of Diagnostic Imaging at Hospital Universitario QuirónSalud Madrid, she also contributes as a Professor of Medicine at the Universidad Europea de Madrid, where she mentors medical students and radiology residents. Her professional experience spans more than two decades, encompassing academic instruction, clinical excellence, and leadership in medical imaging. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mar Jimenez de la Pena has been actively engaged in national and international research collaborations, focusing on the application of advanced MRI techniques in neurological disorders, pediatric neuroimaging, and genetic syndromes. Her research interests center on neurodevelopmental disorders, brain perfusion analysis, and the application of artificial intelligence in MRI interpretation. She has demonstrated outstanding research skills in multimodal MRI data acquisition, neuroimage analysis, and clinical study design. Her work has been published in top-tier journals such as Frontiers in Neuroscience, Neuroradiology, European Journal of Medical Genetics, and American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, significantly contributing to the understanding of complex neuroimaging patterns and clinical correlations. With over 40 peer-reviewed articles, including 33 international papers, and multiple book chapters, she has established a strong academic footprint. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mar Jimenez de la Pena has received over 30 prestigious awards, including 29 honors from the Spanish Society of Radiology (SERAM), recognition from the Spanish Society of Neurosurgery (SENR), and an American Society of Radiology Award for her scientific presentations. Her memberships in SERAM, SENR, and ESR, alongside her role as a reviewer for Radiología, underscore her professional dedication to the advancement of radiological science. A visionary researcher and educator, she continues to contribute to training programs for medical imaging professionals, fostering innovation and excellence in radiological education. In conclusion, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mar Jimenez de la Pena exemplifies a perfect blend of clinical expertise, academic leadership, and research innovation, making her a highly deserving candidate for international recognition in medical imaging and radiological research. Her continued contributions promise to shape the future of neuroimaging and radiodiagnostic excellence globally.

Profile: ORCID

Featured Publications 

  1. Jimenez de la Pena, M. (2023). Tatton‐Brown–Rahman syndrome: Novel pathogenic variants and new neuroimaging findings. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. Citations: 12

  2. Jimenez de la Pena, M. (2023). White-matter lesions and cortical cerebral blood flow evaluation by 3D arterial spin-labeled perfusion MRI in asymptomatic divers: Correlation with patent foramen ovale occurrence. Journal of Clinical Medicine. Citations: 18

  3. Jimenez de la Pena, M. (2022). Development of a super-resolution scheme for pediatric magnetic resonance brain imaging through convolutional neural networks. Frontiers in Neuroscience. Citations: 25

  4. Jimenez de la Pena, M. (2022). Mutations in the COL18A1 gene associated with Knobloch syndrome and structural brain anomalies: A novel case report and literature review of neuroimaging findings. Neurocase. Citations: 9

  5. Jimenez de la Pena, M. (2021). Neuroimaging findings in patients with EBF3 mutations: Report of two cases. Molecular Syndromology. Citations: 7

  6. Jimenez de la Pena, M. (2021). Abnormal frontal gyrification pattern and uncinate development in patients with KBG syndrome caused by ANKRD11 aberrations. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. Citations: 15

  7. Jimenez de la Pena, M. (2020). Automatic identification of atypical clinical fMRI results. Neuroradiology. Citations: 22

 

Moises Leon-Ruiz | Neuroscience | Best Researcher Award

Dr. Moises Leon-Ruiz | Neuroscience | Best Researcher Award

Neurology | Hospital University Sivero Ochoa | Spain

Dr. Moises Leon-Ruiz is a neurologist with advanced training in neurophysiology and clinical neurology, having completed his medical degree, followed by specialization and fellowships in neurology and neurosciences. He holds a Ph.D. in Neuroscience, having conducted his doctoral work at a well-reputed university, focusing on neurodegenerative disease models and neuroinflammation. His professional experience spans positions in university hospitals and clinical research centers, where he has served both as a clinician seeing patients and as a researcher in translational neuroscience laboratories. Dr. Moises Leon-Ruiz has authored 71 documents, 147 Citations, 6 h-index, demonstrating his performance in scholarly publishing. His research interests include Alzheimer’s disease, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models, clinical neuroimmunology, and biomarkers of neurological disorders. He has skills in molecular biology (gene editing, PSEN1 mutation correction), stem cell biology, neurophysiological assessment, imaging, and computational/statistical analysis. He has participated in international collaborative research projects, including isogenic iPSC line generation from Alzheimer’s disease patients. Dr. Moises Leon-Ruiz has been recognized with honors such as awards from neurology societies, invitations to speak at international symposia, and membership or roles in professional organisations in neurology.

Dr. Moises Leon-Ruiz demonstrates a strong and growing profile combining clinical neurology, stem cell-based disease modeling, and molecular neuroscience. His publication record and research skills show that he is well positioned to continue making meaningful contributions to understanding neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, translating findings into clinical impact, and mentoring the next generation of researchers.

Profile:  Scopus

Featured Publications

  1. Generation of a gene-corrected human isogenic iPSC line from an Alzheimer’s disease iPSC line carrying the PSEN1 H163R mutation — 2024

  2. “Wine Glass” sign following COVID-19 vaccination in a previously healthy adult — 2022

  3. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis as The Sole Presenting Manifestation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B Virus Co-Infection — 2022

  4. PSEN1 Mutant iPSC-Derived Model Reveals Severe Astrocyte Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease — 2017

  5. Babinski’s Lost Legacy: A Remarkable Case of a Not-So-New Clinical Construct — 2016

 

Boru Jin | Neuroscience | Best Researcher Award

Dr. Boru Jin | Neuroscience | Best Researcher Award

Dr. Boru Jin | Neuroscience | lecturer | First hospital of China medical university | China

Dr. Boru Jin is an accomplished female neurologist and lecturer who has established herself as a promising researcher in the field of neurodegenerative disorders. Currently serving as a lecturer and attending physician at the China Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, she combines clinical excellence with scientific rigor, contributing to innovative approaches in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cognitive and neuropsychiatric conditions. Her research integrates advanced bioinformatics and clinical data analysis to uncover biomarkers for early detection of neurodegenerative diseases, thereby helping improve patient outcomes and supporting the development of precision medicine strategies. Dr. Boru Jin’s professional journey reflects dedication to both academic scholarship and clinical practice, making her a valuable contributor to neurology and neuroscience research.

Professional Profile 

Education

Dr. Boru Jin has completed a comprehensive academic pathway in neurology through leading medical institutions in China. She obtained her master’s degree in neurology from China Medical University through an integrated medical program, followed by a doctoral degree in neurology from Fudan University, one of the nation’s top research universities. Her advanced training has equipped her with a robust understanding of neurological disorders, clinical research methodologies, and translational science approaches. This educational background has been instrumental in shaping her career as a clinician-scientist committed to bridging the gap between bench research and bedside application.

Experience

Dr. Boru Jin currently holds a dual role as a lecturer and attending physician, where she is actively engaged in teaching medical students, mentoring young researchers, and delivering high-quality patient care. Her experience includes participating in collaborative research projects that focus on Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and cognitive impairment. She has contributed to multiple systematic reviews and network meta-analyses that have been published in internationally indexed journals. Her professional involvement also extends to serving as a member of several national academic committees, including divisions on Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive impairment, where she participates in shaping policies and research priorities for geriatric mental health and neurological care.

Research Interest

Dr. Boru Jin’s primary research interest lies in the study of neurodegenerative diseases, with a particular focus on Alzheimer’s disease, dementia syndromes, and vascular cognitive impairment. She applies integrated bioinformatic analyses and machine learning strategies to identify diagnostic biomarkers that differentiate among neurodegenerative conditions. Her research also explores therapeutic interventions for depressive symptoms, migraine, and behavioral manifestations of dementia using network meta-analytical approaches. She is passionate about developing evidence-based treatment strategies and improving clinical guidelines to enhance the quality of care for patients with neurological disorders.

Award

Dr. Boru Jin has been recognized for her contribution to clinical neurology and research excellence through her active participation in professional committees and scholarly output. Her role as a member of national associations dedicated to geriatric medicine and cognitive impairment highlights her leadership potential and commitment to advancing the field. These recognitions underscore her growing influence in both academic and clinical circles, positioning her as an emerging leader in neurological research.

Selected Publication

“Repopulation of Microglia and Its Implications for CNS Disorders: Insights from the Single-Cell Era” published in 2025 with 68 citations

“Identification of Diagnostic Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease by Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis and Machine Learning Strategies” published in 2023 with 52 citations;

“Identification of Biomarkers Differentiating Alzheimer’s Disease from Other Neurodegenerative Diseases by Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis and Machine Learning Strategies” published in 2023 with 47 citations

“Comparative Efficacy and Acceptability of Treatments for Depressive Symptoms in Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis” published in 2022 with 41 citations.

Conclusion

Dr. Boru Jin exemplifies the qualities of an outstanding clinician-scientist through her integrated approach to patient care, academic teaching, and pioneering research. Her work in identifying diagnostic biomarkers and conducting large-scale meta-analyses contributes significantly to improving early diagnosis and treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases. Her leadership roles in professional organizations and mentorship activities further reflect her dedication to the advancement of neuroscience education and community health. With her strong foundation in research, clinical practice, and interdisciplinary collaboration, Dr. Boru Jin is exceptionally deserving of recognition in this award category and is poised to make even greater contributions to the global neurological research community in the coming years.

 

Jaber Alizadehgoradel | Neuroscience | Best Researcher Award

Jaber Alizadehgoradel | Neuroscience | Best Researcher Award

Assist. Prof. Dr Jaber Alizadehgoradel, University of Zanjan, Iran

Assist. Prof. Dr. Jaber Alizadehgoradel is a distinguished Iranian clinical psychologist and neuroscientist specializing in neuromodulation and cognitive enhancement. Currently serving as an Assistant Professor at the University of Zanjan, he holds a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from Shahid Beheshti University, where he graduated with the highest distinction. His research blends transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with psychological interventions to address substance use, OCD, PTSD, and other mental disorders. With over 25 peer-reviewed publications and international collaborations with renowned neuroscientists like Prof. Michael Nitsche and Prof. Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt, he’s rapidly becoming a leading expert in his field. Dr. Alizadehgoradel also practices clinically at Beautiful Mind Clinic and has been affiliated with Payame Noor University. A member of Iran’s National Elite Organization, he actively reviews for high-impact journals such as Brain Stimulation and Journal of Psychiatric Research, demonstrating both academic leadership and clinical excellence.

Publication Profile

Google Scholar

Education

Dr. Alizadehgoradel’s academic foundation is rooted in psychology with a focus on clinical interventions and neuroscience. He completed his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology (2016–2020) at Shahid Beheshti University, Iran, earning the highest distinction for his innovative thesis on mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment combined with tDCS. Prior to this, he earned a Master’s degree (2010–2012) in Psychology from University of Tabriz, again graduating with the highest honors. His academic journey began with a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology (2006–2010) from Mohaghegh Ardebili University. Throughout his education, Dr. Alizadehgoradel consistently demonstrated a passion for cognitive neuroscience and mental health treatment innovation. His commitment to advancing mental health science through rigorous academic training has laid the groundwork for his impactful research in non-invasive brain stimulation, executive function improvement, and emotional regulation therapies.

Experience

Dr. Jaber Alizadehgoradel has built a multifaceted career in academia, clinical practice, and research. Since 2021, he has been serving as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Zanjan, contributing both as an educator and researcher. Parallel to his academic role, he practices as a clinical psychologist at the Beautiful Mind Clinic since 2010, providing psychotherapy for depression, anxiety, OCD, and addiction. He also taught for a decade (2010–2020) at Payame Noor University (Ardabil Branch), shaping the next generation of psychology professionals. His extensive clinical and teaching experience complements his experimental work in neuromodulation, allowing him to apply theory to practice effectively. Through these roles, he has gained expertise in mental health interventions, therapeutic design, and advanced neuropsychological evaluation, making him a highly qualified candidate for the Best Researcher Award.

Awards and Honors

Dr. Alizadehgoradel has been recognized for his academic brilliance and research contributions with prestigious honors. He is a Member of the National Elite Organization of Iran, a title awarded to the most accomplished scholars in the country. He has also received multiple academic awards from the National Elite Foundation of Iran, reflecting his groundbreaking work in the fields of clinical psychology and brain stimulation. These recognitions underscore his commitment to pushing the boundaries of cognitive neuroscience and mental health treatment. His collaborations with top global researchers and numerous peer-reviewed publications in high-impact journals have cemented his status as a thought leader. His inclusion on editorial boards and frequent reviewer roles in international scientific journals like Brain Stimulation (IF=9.61) and Scientific Reports (IF=3.80) further reflect his esteemed standing in the academic and research community.

Research Focus

Dr. Alizadehgoradel’s research is centered on neuromodulation and cognitive enhancement, particularly through non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques like tDCS. His studies aim to improve executive functions, emotional regulation, and attention control in individuals with substance use disorders, OCD, PTSD, and anxiety-related conditions. He employs advanced neuroimaging tools such as EEG to assess brain modulation efficacy. A key innovation in his work is the development of “intensified electrical stimulation,” a novel approach showing promising results in clinical trials. His research is grounded in both clinical applications and experimental design, combining behavioral science with cutting-edge neuroscience. His multidisciplinary projects often involve collaborations with international experts, aiming to explore both the safety and therapeutic potential of these methods. His work significantly contributes to evidence-based psychological treatments, particularly for adolescents and vulnerable populations.

Publication Top Notes

Repeated stimulation of the dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex improves executive dysfunctions and craving in drug addiction: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study

Effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation on worry, anxiety, and depression in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, single-blind pharmacotherapy and sham …

Comparing sleep quality and general health among the elderly living at home and at nursing home

Intensified electrical stimulation targeting lateral and medial prefrontal cortices for the treatment of social anxiety disorder: A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group …

The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on obsession-compulsion, anxiety, and depression of a patient suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder

The role of positive and negative affectivity, optimism, pessimism, and information processing styles in student psychological adjustment

Mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment (MBSAT) improves executive functions in adolescents with substance use disorders

 

Kaouthar Louati | Neuroscience | Excellence in Research Award

Kaouthar Louati | Neuroscience | Excellence in Research Award

Dr Kaouthar Louati, University of Monastir, Tunisia

Dr. Kaouthar Louati is a distinguished researcher and analytical chemist 🎓🧪 with a doctoral degree in Analytical Chemistry from the University of Monastir, Tunisia 🇹🇳. She has made substantial contributions to pharmaceutical sciences through over 15 high-impact publications 📚, two book contributions 📘, and collaborative projects in Tunisia and the UK 🇬🇧. Her work focuses on toxicoproteomics, redox proteomics, and stability studies of pharmaceuticals 💊. Dr. Louati is affiliated with prestigious institutions including the University of Nottingham, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, and multiple pharmaceutical laboratories 🏥🔬. Known for her meticulous method validation, drug impurity analysis, and environmental toxicology studies 🌿⚗️, she has emerged as a key figure in analytical method development and toxicological risk assessment. With deep academic commitment and a passion for pharmaceutical innovation 💡, she continues to impact the global scientific community and serves as a role model for women in STEM 👩‍🔬🌍.

Publication Profile

Orcid

Education

Dr. Louati’s academic journey is rooted in excellence 🌟. She earned her Doctorate in Analytical Chemistry (2019–2024) 🧪 from the University of Monastir, Tunisia, with very honorable distinction 🎓. Previously, she completed a Master’s in Medicaments’ Research and Development (2009–2010) 🧬 and a Diploma in Doctor of Pharmacy (2008–2009), both with high honors 🏅. Her early academic path included a Diploma in Pharmacy (2002–2007) with a very good grade 🧑‍⚕️ and a Mathematics Baccalaureate (2002) with very honorable mention 🧠➕➖. Throughout her education, she displayed strong scientific aptitude, particularly in pharmaceutical formulation, analytical chemistry, and medical science fundamentals 💉📘. This rich academic foundation positioned her to excel in multidisciplinary pharmaceutical research, bridging clinical applications with laboratory innovation 🧫🔍.

Experience

Dr. Louati has extensive experience in academia, hospitals, and the pharmaceutical industry 🏥🏭. Since 2020, she has served as a Doctor Pharmacist and Associate Researcher at the University of Monastir’s Laboratory of Pharmacology and Drug Development 🔬, and at the Habib Bourguiba University Hospital in both the pharmaceutical and pathological anatomy departments 🧑‍⚕️🧫. She also contributed internationally at the University of Nottingham and Royal Derby Hospital, UK (2020–2023) 🇬🇧. From 2010 to 2015, she worked in UNIMED and PHARMACARE Laboratories, where she developed generic drugs, validated analytical methods, and ensured product compliance with international pharmacopeias 💊📈. Her expertise spans method validation (ICH Q2R1), stress testing, impurity profiling, and regulatory documentation ✍️📑. Her collaborative approach and technical leadership across diverse settings underscore her excellence as both a researcher and pharmaceutical scientist 🌍🧪.

Awards and Honors

Dr. Kaouthar Louati has earned academic distinction throughout her career, including “Very Honorable” mentions for both her doctoral and master’s studies 🏅📘. She was recognized for producing highly cited research and has published over 15 peer-reviewed articles and 2 books in respected international journals and editions 📚🌐. Her contributions to method development, toxicological evaluation, and environmental health have received national and international attention 🧬🌍. Her scientific rigor earned her opportunities to collaborate with global institutions such as the University of Nottingham, reflecting peer recognition and trust in her expertise 🤝🔬. Her work on toxicoproteomics and pharmaceutical impurities has made significant impacts on public health research and regulatory science 🌡️⚗️. Dr. Louati’s continued academic excellence, innovation, and mentorship potential position her as a prime candidate for the Best Researcher Award 🏆🎖️.

Research Focus

Dr. Louati’s research is at the forefront of analytical chemistry, toxicoproteomics, and pharmaceutical sciences 🔍🧪. She focuses on validating and developing robust analytical methods to detect drug impurities, residual solvents, and degradation products, essential for drug stability and safety studies 💊📈. Her work in toxicoproteomics includes assessing oxidative stress and protein damage induced by environmental toxins like pesticides using cutting-edge techniques like Nano-UHPLC-MS/MS and 2D-SDS-PAGE 🌿🧬. She also pioneers method development for anti-epileptic drug monitoring and anabolic steroid detection for doping control 🧠💪. Her integration of redox biology and pharmacological analytics strengthens both environmental health surveillance and clinical pharmacology 🌎🏥. Dr. Louati’s unique blend of expertise bridges fundamental research with real-world applications, significantly contributing to public health, pharmacovigilance, and regulatory standards 🌐📊.

Publication Top Notes

A Shotgun Proteomic-Based Approach with a Q-Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer for the Assessment of Pesticide Mixture-Induced Neurotoxicity on a 3D-Developed Neurospheroid Model from Human Brain Meningiomas: Identification of Trityl-Post-Translational Modification

Monica Maranesi | Neuroscience | Best Researcher Award

Assist Prof Dr. Monica Maranesi | Neuroscience | Best Researcher Award

University of Parma, Italy

Author Profile

Early Academic Pursuits:

Monica Maranesi embarked on her academic journey with a strong foundation in psychology, earning her A.B. from the University of Parma in 2006. She then pursued her passion for neuroscience, completing her Ph.D. in the same institution in 2011, focusing on the anatomical and functional organization of motor and premotor cortices in macaque monkeys. Her early training involved extensive work in behavioral analysis and single-unit neuronal recordings in primate models.

Professional Endeavors:

Maranesi's professional journey has been marked by a series of internships and postdoctoral positions in prestigious research institutions. She honed her skills in monkeys' training, behavioral analysis, and electrophysiological techniques, working under the guidance of renowned researchers such as Fogassi, Rizzolatti, and Bonini. Her diverse experiences equipped her with expertise in studying the neural correlates of motor and socio-cognitive functions in primate brains.

Contributions and Research Focus:

Maranesi's research is centered on understanding the neural bases of goal-directed behaviors in the primate motor brain regions. Her work delves into how environmental demands influence behavioral regulation and cognitive flexibility. Notably, her discovery of premotor neurons encoding both actions and their negation underscores the motor system's active role in cognitive functions. Maranesi employs a multidisciplinary approach, combining behavioral, electrophysiological, and computational methods to unravel the complexities of primate brain function.

Accolades and Recognition:

Throughout her career, Maranesi has earned recognition for her groundbreaking research and contributions to the field of neuroscience. Her publications in high-impact journals and presentations at international conferences have garnered attention and acclaim from her peers. Maranesi's innovative approaches to studying primate cognition have solidified her reputation as a leading figure in the field.

Impact and Influence:

Maranesi's work has had a significant impact on the field of neuroscience, particularly in understanding the neural underpinnings of goal-directed behaviors and cognitive flexibility. Her insights into the motor system's involvement in cognitive functions have broad implications for both basic science and clinical research. Furthermore, Maranesi's mentorship and collaborative spirit have inspired colleagues and students alike, fostering a culture of interdisciplinary collaboration and scientific inquiry.

Legacy and Future Contributions:

As an assistant professor at the University of Parma, Maranesi is poised to continue her groundbreaking research and mentor the next generation of neuroscientists. Her legacy lies in advancing our understanding of the primate brain's complexities and how they contribute to adaptive behavior. Moving forward, Maranesi's research will likely lead to novel insights into neurological disorders and inform the development of therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring cognitive function.

Citations

A total of 1430 citations for his publications, demonstrating the impact and recognition of his research within the academic community.

  • Citations        1430
  • h-index          21
  • i10-index       23

Notable Publications 

Evidence for object-mirroring mechanism specificity in monkey's mirror neuron network

M Lanzilotto, A Livi, M Maranesi, CG Ferroni, L Bonini
ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA
Local neural population dynamics rely on specific connectivity patterns in monkey pre-supplementary motor area

D Albertini, M Gerbella, M Lanzilotto, A Livi, M Maranesi, CG Ferroni, ...
ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA
Erratum: Anterior Intraparietal Area: A Hub in the Observed Manipulative Action Network

M Lanzilotto, CG Ferroni, A Livi, M Gerbella, M Maranesi, E Borra, ...
Cerebral Cortex
Stable readout of observed actions from format-dependent activity of monkey’s anterior intraparietal neurons

M Lanzilotto, M Maranesi, A Livi, CG Ferroni, GA Orban, L Bonini
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Connectional gradients underlie functional transitions in monkey pre-supplementary motor area

D Albertini, M Gerbella, M Lanzilotto, A Livi, M Maranesi, CG Ferroni, ...
Progress in neurobiology
Local and system mechanisms for action execution and observation in parietal and premotor cortices

CG Ferroni, D Albertini, M Lanzilotto, A Livi, M Maranesi, L Bonini
Current Biology